Human transition milk was sampled from 88 mothers at the Faroe Islands, where the seafood diet includes pilot whale meat and blubber. Milk mercury concentrations (median, 2.45 micrograms/liter) were significantly associated with mercury concentrations in cord blood and with the frequency of pilot whale dinners during pregnancy. Milk selenium concentrations (mean, 19.1 micrograms/liter) correlated significantly with concentrations in cord blood but not with seafood consumption. Arsenic concentrations were very low. Twenty-four of the milk samples were separated into four pools based on fish intake and milk mercury concentrations.

The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations (1.8-3.5 micrograms/g lipid) were high and mainly due to congener numbers 153, 180, and 138. One pool contained a congener 77 concentration of 1380 ppt, which is the highest ever reported in a human specimen for a coplanar PCB. This analysis shows that national exposure estimates are most influenced by reported concentrations in imported tuna, swordfish, and shrimp; Pacific pollock; and Atlantic crabs. Collecting additional mercury concentration data for these seafood categories would improve the accuracy of national exposure estimates.

The highest PCB concentrations were seen in the pools from women who had eaten frequent whale dinners and whose milk contained high mercury concentrations. The concentrations of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans were not similarly elevated. Given the advantages associated with breast-feeding, advice to nursing mothers in this population should take into regard the possible risks associated with long-term exposure to milk contaminants. Per capita mercury intake rates calculated using FDA mercury data differ significantly from those based on mercury concentration data for each supply area and intakes calculated for the 90th percentile of mercury concentrations. Differences in reported mercury concentrations can significantly affect per capita mercury intake estimates, pointing to the importance of spatially refined mercury concentration data.

Negative confounding in the evaluation of toxicity: the case of methylmercury in fish and seafood.

In observational studies, the presence of confounding [corrected] can distort the true association between an exposure and a toxic-effect outcome, if the confounding variable is not controlled for in the study design or analysis phase. While confounding is often assumed to occur in the same direction as the toxicant exposure, the relationship between the benefits and risks associated with fish and seafood consumption is a classic example of negative confounding: the exposure to methylmercury occurs with fish and seafood, which are also associated with beneficial nutrients, and the signs of mercury toxicity [corrected]

Mercury and nutrients may affect the same epidemiological outcomes, but most studies addressing one of them have ignored the potential for negative confounding by the other. This article reviews the existing evidence of effects of both nutrient and contaminant intakes as predictors of neurodevelopmental and cardiovascular outcomes. Substantial underestimation of the effects of mercury toxicity and of fish benefits occurs from the lack of confounder adjustment and imprecision of the exposure parameters. Given this inherent bias in observational studies, regulatory agencies should reconsider current dietary advice in order to provide better guidance to consumers in making prudent choices to maintain a nutritious diet with seafood that is low in mercury concentrations.

This review summarizes and discusses the current understanding of human exposure to cyanobacterial toxins in “seafood” collected from freshwater and coastal areas. The review consists of three parts: (a) the existing literature on concentrations of cyanobacterial toxins in seafood is reviewed, and the likelihood of bioaccumulation discussed; (b) we derive cyanotoxin doses likely to occur through seafood consumption and propose guideline values for seafood and compare these to guidelines for drinking water; and (c) we discuss means to assess, control or mitigate the risks of exposure to cyanotoxins through seafood consumption.

This is discussed in the context of two specific procedures, the food specific HACCP-approach and the water-specific Water Safety Plan approach by the WHO. Risks of exposure to cyanotoxins in food are sometimes underestimated. Risk assessments should acknowledge this and investigate the partitioning of exposure between drinking-water and food, which may vary depending on local circumstances. Attention should also be paid to the occurrence of negative confounding in other connections.

 Relation of a seafood diet to mercury, selenium, arsenic, and polychlorinated biphenyl and other organochlorine concentrations in human milk.

Epidemic cholera in Ecuador: multidrug-resistance and transmission by water and seafood.

To determine risk factors for cholera in an epidemic-disease area in South America, a case-control investigation was performed in Guayaquil, Ecuador, in July 1991. Residents>> 5 years old who were hospitalized for treatment of acute, watery diarrhoea and two matched controls for each were interviewed regarding sources of water and food, and eating, drinking, and hygienic habits. Interviewers inspected homes of case-patients and controls to document water treatment, food-handling, and hygienic practices. Faecal specimens and shellfish were cultured for Vibrio cholerae O 1. ( Maxanim RT-PCR detection)

pGB BAX siRNA Vector Mix

9513-20 each
EUR 732

pGB BAX siRNA Vector Mix

9513-60 each
EUR 1266

pGB BID siRNA Vector Mix

9515-20 each
EUR 732

pGB BID siRNA Vector Mix

9515-60 each
EUR 1266

pGB Hsp90 siRNA Vector Mix

9518-20 each
EUR 732

pGB Hsp90 siRNA Vector Mix

9518-60 each
EUR 1266

pGB Bcl-2 siRNA Vector Mix

9514-20 each
EUR 732

pGB Bcl-2 siRNA Vector Mix

9514-60 each
EUR 1266

pGB CIAP-1 siRNA Vector Mix

9516-20 each
EUR 732

pGB CIAP-1 siRNA Vector Mix

9516-60 each
EUR 1266

pGB CIAP-2 siRNA Vector Mix

9517-20 each
EUR 732

pGB CIAP-2 siRNA Vector Mix

9517-60 each
EUR 1266

siRNA Cloning Vector (pGB)

9500-20 each
EUR 352.8

pGB Caspase-1 siRNA Vector

9501-20 each
EUR 732

pGB Caspase-1 siRNA Vector

9501-60 each
EUR 1266

pGB Caspase-3 siRNA Vector

9503-20 each
EUR 732

pGB Caspase-3 siRNA Vector

9503-60 each
EUR 1266

pGB Caspase-8 siRNA Vector

9508-20 each
EUR 732

pGB Caspase-8 siRNA Vector

9508-60 each
EUR 1266

pGB Caspase-9 siRNA Vector

9509-20 each
EUR 732

pGB Caspase-9 siRNA Vector

9509-60 each
EUR 1266

Control siRNA Vector (pGB-control)

9500C-20 each
EUR 405.6

Green Kit. Baculovirus GFP vector.

K20 1 Kit
EUR 695
Description: Protein expression

ProGreen. Baculovirus GFP marker vector.

A1 25 ul
EUR 420
Description: Protein expression

pVL1393. General baculovirus plasmid vector.

B1 50 ul
EUR 340
Description: Protein expression

ProEasy. Vector for easy construction of recombinant baculoviruses.

A10S 25 ul
EUR 695
Description: Protein expression

pAcAB3. Baculovirus plasmid vector for expression of up to 3 proteins.

B2 50 ul
EUR 420
Description: Protein expression

pAB-bee. Baculovirus plasmid vector for secreted and transmembrane proteins.

B3 50 ul
EUR 495
Description: Protein expression

ProFold-PDI. Baculovirus chaperone vector for expression of cysteine-rich proteins.

A7 25 ul
EUR 830
Description: Protein expression

ProFold-C1. Baculovirus chaperone vector for expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins.

A2 25 ul
EUR 830
Description: Protein expression

ProFold-C2. Baculovirus chaperone vector for expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins.

A3 25 ul
EUR 830
Description: Protein expression

ProFold-ER1. Baculovirus chaperone vector for expression of secreted and membrane proteins.

A4 25 ul
EUR 830
Description: Protein expression

C1 Kit. Baculovirus chaperone vectors for cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins.

K21 1 Kit
EUR 995
Description: Protein expression

C2 Kit. Baculovirus chaperone vectors for cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins.

K22 1 Kit
EUR 995
Description: Protein expression

ER1 Kit. Baculovirus chaperone vectors for expression of secreted and membrane proteins.

K23 1 Kit
EUR 995
Description: Protein expression

ER1-bee Kit. Baculovirus chaperone vectors for expression of secreted and membrane proteins.

K24 1 Kit
EUR 995
Description: Protein expression

pAB-bee-FH. FLAG and His tagging of secreted and transmembrane proteins in baculovirus system.

B3FH 50 ul
EUR 495
Description: Protein expression

pAB-bee-8xHis. His tagging of secreted and transmembrane proteins in baculovirus system.

B3H 50 ul
EUR 495
Description: Protein expression

pAB-6xHis. His tagging of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in baculovirus system.

B4 50 ul
EUR 295
Description: Protein expression

pAB-GST. GST tagging of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in baculovirus system.

B5 50 ul
EUR 295
Description: Protein expression

pAB-MBP. MBP tagging of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in baculovirus system.

B6 50 ul
EUR 395
Description: Protein expression

pAB-6xHis-MBP. His and MBP tagging of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in baculovirus system.

B7 50 ul
EUR 495
Description: Protein expression

pVL-GFP. GFP tagging of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in baculovirus system.

B8 50 ul
EUR 395
Description: Protein expression

pVL-FH. Flag and His tagging of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins in baculovirus system.

B9 50 ul
EUR 295
Description: Protein expression

BV-p53. Recombinant baculovirus expressing p53 (wt).

BV53 1 ml
EUR 980
Description: Drug discovery, Transcription factors, baculovirus

NC (negative control baculovirus)

C13 1 ml
EUR 195
Description: Protein expression

GC (green control baculovirus expressing GFP)

C14 1 ml
EUR 195
Description: Protein expression

GCP (green control plasmid for GFP expression)

C15 50 ul
EUR 145
Description: Protein expression

BV-ADRA1D. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Adrenergic Receptor alpha 1D.

GA11 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-ADRA2A. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Adrenergic Receptor alpha 2A.

GA15 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-ADRA2C. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Adrenergic Receptor alpha 2C.

GA19 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-ADRB2. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Adrenergic Receptor beta 2

GA23 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-ADRA1A. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Adrenergic Receptor alpha 1A (ADRA1A)

GA3 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-ADRA1B. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Adrenergic Receptor alpha 1B.

GA7 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-AGTR1. Recombinant baculovirus expressing angiotensin II receptor (AGTR1).

GAT1 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-DRD1. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Dopamine receptor 1 (DRD1).

GD3 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-DRD2. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Dopamine receptor 1 (DRD2).

GD5 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HRH1. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Histamine receptor (HRH1).

GH41 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HRH2. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Histamine receptor (HRH2).

GH45 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HRH3. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Histamine receptor (HRH3).

GH49 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HRH4. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Histamine receptor (HRH4).

GH53 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-CHRM1. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 (CHRM1).

GM1 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-CHRM2. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 (CHRM2).

GM5 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR1A. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A.

GS27 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR1B. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1B.

GS31 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR1D. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1D.

GS35 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR1F. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1F.

GS37 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR2A. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2A.

GS39 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR2B. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B.

GS43 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR2C. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C.

GS47 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR5A. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 5A.

GS51 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

BV-HTR7B. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 7B.

GS55 1 ml
EUR 499
Description: Drug discovery, GPCRs, baculovirus

FoldHelper-57P. Recombinant baculovirus expressing ERp57 and PDI.

H17 1 ml
EUR 295
Description: Protein expression

FoldHelper-37. Recombinant baculovirus expressing cdc37.

H18 1 ml
EUR 395
Description: Protein expression

FoldHelper-ER3. Recombinant baculovirus expressing human ER chaperones.

H6 2 ml
EUR 695
Description: Protein expression

Controls Kit. Baculovirus controls.

K26 1 Kit
EUR 295
Description: Protein expression

THRB-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Thyroid hormone receptor beta ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N1A2 50 ug
EUR 660
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

RARA-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Retinoic acid receptor alpha ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N1B1 50 ug
EUR 498
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

RARB-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Retinoic acid receptor beta ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N1B2 50 ug
EUR 420
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

RARG-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Retinoic acid receptor gamma ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N1B3 50 ug
EUR 498
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

PPARG-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N1C3 50 ug
EUR 720
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

LXRB-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Liver X receptor beta ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N1H2 50 ug
EUR 498
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

LXRA-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Liver X receptor alpha ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N1H3 50 ug
EUR 360
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

FXR-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Farnesoid X receptor ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N1H4 50 ug
EUR 360
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

RXRA-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Retinoid X receptor alpha ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N2B1 50 ug
EUR 360
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

RXRB-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Retinoid X receptor beta ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N2B2 50 ug
EUR 360
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

RXRG-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Retinoid X receptor gamma ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N2B3 50 ug
EUR 360
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

ERb-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Estrogen receptor beta LBD. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N3A2 50 ug
EUR 495
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

ESRRA-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Estrogen-related receptor alpha ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N3B1 50 ug
EUR 980
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

ESRRB-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Estrogen-related receptor beta ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N3B2 50 ug
EUR 498
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

ESRRG-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Estrogen-related receptor gamma ligand binding domain. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

N3B3 50 ug
EUR 360
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

BV-Tau412. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 412 aa Tau isoform.

PD13 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-Tau412TR. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 412 aa Tau isoform. T39-R mutant.

PD14 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-Tau412KE. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 412 aa Tau isoform. K267-E mutant.

PD15 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-Synuclein. Recombinant baculovirus expressing alpha synuclein.

PD17 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-Syn-GFP. Recombinant baculovirus expressing alpha synuclein-GFP fusion.

PD21 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-SOD1. Recombinant baculovirus expressing SOD1.

PD25 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-SOD1-GFP. Recombinant baculovirus expressing SOD1-GFP fusion.

PD29 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-Tau352. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 352 aa Tau isoform.

PD3 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-Tau383. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 383 aa Tau isoform.

PD7 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-Tau381. Recombinant baculovirus expressing 381 aa Tau isoform.

PD9 1 ml
EUR 899
Description: Drug discovery, Protein folding diseases, baculovirus

BV-PR-LBD. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Progesterone receptor LBD.

S15 1 ml
EUR 1250
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, baculovirus

BV-MR-LBD. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Mineralocorticoid receptor LBD.

S27 1 ml
EUR 1250
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, baculovirus

MR-LBD. Purified GST-tagged MR LBD in complex with Hsp90. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

S28 50 ug
EUR 1240
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

BV-GR-LBD. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Glucocorticoid receptor LBD.

S33 1 ml
EUR 1250
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, baculovirus

BV-GR. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Glucocorticoid receptor.

S35 1 ml
EUR 1250
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, baculovirus

BV-PXR-LBD. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Pregnane X receptor LBD.

S36 1 ml
EUR 1250
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, baculovirus

BV-AhR. Recombinant baculovirus expressing Aryl hydrocarbon receptor LBD.

S41 1 ml
EUR 1250
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, baculovirus

AhR-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Arylhydrocarbon receptor LBD in complex with Hsp90. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

SAh90 50 ug
EUR 980
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

CAR. Purified GST-tagged human Constitutive andristane receptor in complex with Hsp90. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

SC90 50 ug
EUR 1100
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

ERa-LBD (Hsp90). Purified GST-tagged human Estrogen receptor alpha LBD in complex with Hsp90. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

SEa90 50 ug
EUR 1100
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

ERb-LBD (Hsp90). Purified GST-tagged human Estrogen receptor beta LBD in complex with Hsp90. Applications: ligand-binding and coregulator displacement studies.

SEb90 50 ug
EUR 760
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

GR-LBD. GR-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Estrogen receptor alpha LBD in complex with Hsp90. For ligand-binding and coregulator displacement studies.

SG90 50 ug
EUR 1240
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

PR-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Progesterone receptor LBD in complex with Hsp90. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

SP90 50 ug
EUR 498
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

PXR-LBD. Purified GST-tagged human Pregnane X receptor in complex with Hsp90. Applications: Ligand-binding and coregulator displacement assays.

SPX90 50 ug
EUR 498
Description: Drug discovery, Nuclear receptors, purified recombinant protein

ProFectin. Transfection reagent for insect cells.

T10 50 ul
EUR 160
Description: Transfection

ProFectin. Transfection reagent for insect cells.

T20 100 ul
EUR 295
Description: Transfection

BbsI Linearized iLenti siRNA Vector

LV014 25 μl
EUR 425

BbsI Linearized iLenti GFP siRNA Vector

LV016 25 μl
EUR 425

AIF/ Rat AIF ELISA Kit

ELA-E1064r 96 Tests
EUR 1063.2

AIF

E8ET1603-4 100ul
EUR 275
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

AIF1 siRNA

20-abx907087
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

AIF1 siRNA

20-abx907088
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

Isolates were tested for susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobial agents. Drinking unboiled water (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, confidence interval [CI] = 1.8-7.5), drinking a beverage from a street vendor (OR = 2.8, CI = 1.3-5.9), eating raw seafood (OR = 3.4, CI = 1.4-11.5), and eating cooked crab (OR = 5.1, CI = 1.4-19.2) were associated with illness. Always boiling drinking water at home (OR = 0.5, CI = 0.2-0.9) was protective against illness. The presence of soap in either the kitchen (OR = 0.3, CI = 0.2-0.8) or bathroom (OR = 0.4, CI = 0.2-0.9) at home was also protective. V. cholerae O 1 was recovered from a pooled sample of a bivalve mollusc and from 68% of stool samples from case-patients. Thirty-six percent of the isolates from stool specimens were resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents.

Specific prevention measures may prevent transmission through these vehicles in the future. The appearance of antimicrobial resistance suggests the need for changes in current methods of prevention and treatment.